The Emergence of Local Narratives: Javanese Literature in the 14th Century

In the 14th century CE, Javanese poets gradually began to break free from the hegemony of Indian narratives that had long dominated their literary works. While earlier texts meticulously adapted Indian tales, this period witnessed a shift toward indigenous Javanese themes and cultural contexts. These local texts continue to resonate even today, with stories like Panji and Calon Arang still echoing through the ages.

As the Javanese literary scene evolved, historical events also found their place in the realm of literature. Although these works primarily fell into the genre of puja sastra—literary compositions praising rulers—one particular masterpiece stands out: the Kakawin Nagarakrtagama. Written by the poet Rakawi Prapañca of the Majapahit kingdom in 1365 CE, this epic work serves as both a tribute to King Hayam Wuruk and a detailed account of his glorious reign and family lineage.

Despite Prapañca’s claim that the purpose of writing the Kakawin Nagarakrtagama was to “test his abilities,” the poem predominantly celebrates the achievements of King Hayam Wuruk. Through vivid historical narratives, it paints a vivid picture of the king’s rule, emphasizing his prowess, wisdom, and the grandeur of his court. The poem also delves into the genealogy of the royal family, tracing its roots and connections.

Notably, the Kakawin Nagarakrtagama isn’t confined to Java alone. Its influence extends beyond the island, leaving an indelible mark on the literary landscape of the region.

In the neighboring land of Tatar Sunda, another remarkable text emerges: the Carita Parahyangan, penned in the 16th century. Unlike the Nagarakrtagama, which primarily focuses on Hayam Wuruk and other Majapahit rulers of the 13th and 14th centuries, the Carita Parahyangan spans a broader timeline. It reaches back to the reign of the Sunda Galuh kings in the 8th century.

The Carita Parahyangan serves as a crucial written source for the early history of Sunda Kuna. Its narrative begins around the time of King Sanjaya, as mentioned in the Prasasti Canggal (732 CE), discovered in the Sleman region of Central Java. Through its unique lens, the text sheds light on the socio-political context, cultural practices, and dynastic shifts of ancient Sunda.

These Javanese literary works—whether praising monarchs or chronicling historical events—reveal a rich tapestry of cultural memory. They bridge the past and present, allowing us to explore the complexities of Java’s past while celebrating its enduring legacy. As we delve into these texts, we uncover not only the lives of rulers but also the heartbeat of a vibrant civilization that continues to resonate across time and space.